Hide goat1/22/2024 Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press. "Bedouin Plant Utilization in Sinai and the Negev". ^ a b Bailey, Clinton Danin, Avinoam (1981).: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) Bedouin Century: Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century. Tosephta - Based on the Erfut and Vienna Codices (in Hebrew). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge for the Hakluyt Society. The voyages and manifesto of William Fergusson, a surgeon of the East India Company 1731-1739. Media related to Waterskin at Wikimedia Commons.After flaying the carcass and removing the hairs, the skins were prepared by submerging the goat-skin in a boiled, bath solution containing the bark of either Acacia raddiana or Pistacia atlantica, or else the root of sumac ( Rhus tripartita), or the rinds of pomegranates ( Punica granatum), and left in that state of immersion for 1 to 3 days. In the Negev, goat-skins were used in making waterskins ( القربة = al-girbah), and for making churning bags ( السعن = al-siʿin). Their volume would be between 15 and 25 litres. The Bedouins of the Negev would occasionally store clarified butter ( samen) and olive-oil in special skins called عُكة ( ʿukkah). The Tosefta speaks of oil and wine also being stored in skin bottles. In some societies, waterskins were used to churn milk into butter, by suspending the skin bottle with ropes between a tripod and two persons moving violently the waterskin back and forth between them. Most waterskins could hold between 4 and 6 gallons of water. Goat skin bottles used to transport water were typically found all throughout the Near East, including the Arabian Peninsula, where, in Yemen, it was common in the 18th-century to see a slave carrying a waterskin on his back, or else 3 or 4 waterskins carried by donkey or by camel from the water source. These skins, after being flayed from the carcase, dressed and prepared to contain liquid, could hold as little as 7 kabs (the equivalent of 168 eggs in volume, or about 2.6 US liquid gallons), or far more. In the 2nd-century CE, the Mishnah (compiled in Judea in 189 CE) mentions their common use among the inhabitants of the land. The use of waterskins, or skin-bottles, to transport water is documented in a wide range of historical sources. Such modern waterskins offer many features, such as detachable straw-hoses, valves, refill openings of various widths, various closures and handles, styles of covering or cases, and removable cases or carry pouches. Modern waterskins are often made of various plastic or rubber impregnated canvases, or sometimes simply thicker transparent plastics, and are often called water-pouches, water bags, or water bladders. It also was used by large ancient empires such as Rome before the advent of the canteen. Though it may have been used over 5000 years ago by tribal peoples, the first pictures of it are from ancient Assyrians, who used the bladders as floats in 3000 BCE. Normally made of a sheep or goat skin, it retains water naturally and therefore was very useful in desert crossings until the invention of the canteen, though waterskins are still used in some parts of the world. Depiction of a waterskin bearer in PersepolisĪ waterskin is a receptacle used to hold water. Utility vessel made from leather Skin bottle made of goat leather A leather waterskin from the Judean desert, dating back to 132-135 CE.
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